- Capability group
- Energy Technologies
- Domain
- Critical Technology · Hard Power
- Identifier
- factbase.org/cap/DYT5KB3F1Z
- Reference
- Photovoltaics Wikipedia
Papers
30.8k
2020–2024
Paper growth
+8%
2020–24 on 2015–19
Patent families
71.9k
2020–2024
Filed abroad
21%
families in more than one office
In the framework
What the capability covers and what it leaves to others, and the indicators it will be measured by.
Bounds
Covers generation technology; the installed renewable fleet belongs to Strategic Infrastructure, and manufacturing scale reads at this capability's make and control layers.
Lineage
Carried from v0.0 (formerly Photovoltaics) with the same identifier; broadened from one technology to the renewable-generation frontier and recast from a definition to the capacity to advance and manufacture it.
Indicators
- research publication share in photovoltaicsResearch
- solar module manufacturing capacity sharePending
- record cell efficiency holdingsPending
Research
Papers classified to the capability, by year and by the nation of their authors' institutions, 2020–2024. Read from the v0.0 research topic Photovoltaics.
Papers by year
The five leading nations, papers by year
Share of papers, 2020–2024
Of papers with a known author nation; 22% have none and are left out.
- 1China23.0%7,620 papers
- 2India9.7%3,202 papers
- 3United States8.2%2,704 papers
- 4South Korea4.2%1,385 papers
- 5Germany3.7%1,239 papers
- 6Japan3.5%1,165 papers
- 7United Kingdom3.1%1,026 papers
- 8Saudi Arabia3.1%1,012 papers
- 9Spain2.0%672 papers
- 10Italy1.9%618 papers
Leading institutions, 2020–2024
By fractional count: each paper divided among its authors' institutions.
- 1National Renewable Energy Laboratory176fractional papers
- 2Chinese Academy of Sciences157fractional papers
- 3Soochow University147fractional papers
- 4Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie103fractional papers
- 5École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne100fractional papers
- 6Sungkyunkwan University94fractional papers
- 7Northwestern Polytechnical University92fractional papers
- 8Huazhong University of Science and Technology91fractional papers
- 9Chitkara University90fractional papers
- 10University of Science and Technology of China75fractional papers
Patents
Patent families by the nation of origin of their applicants and their earliest priority year, from the CPC and IPC classes the capability is read from. 2025 onwards is incomplete: families are published 18 months after priority.
Families by priority year
The five leading origins, families by year
15,290 applicants filed here in 2015–2024; the five largest held 8% of families (HHI 22 of 10,000: unconcentrated).
Share of families by origin, 2020–2024
- 1China72.5%52,140 families
- 2South Korea6.3%4,522 families
- 3Japan5.1%3,693 families
- 4United States3.1%2,238 families
- 5Germany2.5%1,773 families
- 6Denmark2.1%1,537 families
- 7Taiwan1.1%788 families
- 8France0.9%648 families
- 9Spain0.8%609 families
- 10United Kingdom0.6%405 families
Applicants filing most internationally, 2015–2024
Families filed in more than one office, by applicant as the offices name them.
- 1VESTAS WIND SYS AS1,218international families
- 2SIEMENS GAMESA RENEWABLE ENERGY AS1,072international families
- 3GEN ELECTRIC564international families
- 4WOBBEN PROPERTIES GMBH495international families
- 5GENERAL ELECTRIC RENOVABLES ESPANA SL421international families
- 6COMMISSARIAT ENERGIE ATOMIQUE386international families
- 7SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO LTD310international families
- 8SAMSUNG DISPLAY CO LTD298international families
- 9PANASONIC IP MAN CO LTD268international families
- 10LM WIND POWER AS267international families
Classification read
- H10F10/00 Solar cells · 145.2k documents
- H10F19/00 Photovoltaic modules and integrated cell assemblies · 180.4k documents
- H10F71/00 Manufacture of solar cells and other light-sensitive devices · 224.4k documents
- H10K30/00 Organic and perovskite solar cells and photodetectors · 167.3k documents
- H10K85/50 Perovskite absorber materials · 13.3k documents
- H01G9/20 Dye-sensitised solar cells · 55.3k documents
- F03D Wind turbines · 607.9k documents
- F03B13/12 Wave and tidal power · 62.8k documents
Shares inventions with
Capabilities whose classes the same families also fall in, by overlap (Jaccard).
- Advanced Imaging & Photonic Sensing2,881 families · 0.034
- Nanomaterials & Metamaterials652 families · 0.012
- Advanced Semiconductor Fabrication1,941 families · 0.011
- Functional Materials & Coatings588 families · 0.010
Companies
50 companies in this capability, across 8 regions. The leading 12:
- 1LONGi Green Energy TechnologyWorld's largest monocrystalline wafer and module maker and holder of multiple certified silicon and silicon-perovskite tandem cell efficiency records, including HIBC back-contact cells.Manufacture
- 2Vestas Wind SystemsLargest western wind turbine maker and top international patent applicant in this capability, supplying onshore and V236-15MW offshore turbines.Manufacture
- 3Jinko SolarAmong the top-shipping module makers globally and the leading volume producer of n-type TOPCon (Tiger Neo) modules.Manufacture
- 4Trina SolarTop-four global module maker whose State Key Laboratory of PV Science and Technology has set dozens of cell and module efficiency records, including perovskite-silicon tandem modules.Manufacture
- 5Siemens Energy (Siemens Gamesa)Owner of Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, the world's leading offshore wind turbine maker and the second-largest international patent applicant in this capability.Manufacture
- 6JA SolarTop-four global module supplier with vertically integrated wafer-to-module production of n-type DeepBlue 4.0 modules.Manufacture
- 7GE Vernova (GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy)Spun off from General Electric, it builds onshore and Haliade-X offshore wind turbines and owns blade maker LM Wind Power, both major patent filers in this capability.Manufacture
- 8TongweiWorld's largest polysilicon and solar cell producer, also developing HJT, TNC and perovskite tandem cell technology.Equipment & materials
- 9First SolarThe leading thin-film (CdTe) module maker and largest US solar manufacturer, holding CdTe cell efficiency records and developing perovskite technology since it acquired Evolar.Manufacture
- 10GoldwindChina's largest and the world's top wind turbine maker by annual installations, known for permanent-magnet direct-drive and medium-speed turbines.Manufacture
- 11Envision EnergyTop-three global wind turbine maker that also runs smart-energy software platforms and green hydrogen and ammonia projects.Manufacture
- 12HuaweiWorld's largest PV inverter supplier by shipments, through its Digital Power unit making string inverters and grid-forming smart PV systems.Manufacture