GINC Critical Technology
Capability group

Energy Technologies

The capacity to develop and command the technologies that store, carry and generate energy, and to direct energy as effect, from storage chemistry and sustainable fuels to advanced nuclear, fusion and directed energy.

Domain
Critical Technology · Hard Power
Identifier
factbase.org/cpg/Q1GEY8591R
Capabilities
5

Bounds. Holds energy technology as national capacity; the operating fleet, grids, plants, storage installations and fuel systems, belongs to Strategic Infrastructure's Energy Infrastructure, and energy markets and transition economics to the economic domains. The seam is technology versus installed system: a storage chemistry is held here, a grid-scale storage fleet there.

Capabilities

Batteries & Energy StorageM079CQ720PThe capacity to develop and produce electrochemical and electrical energy storage, cell chemistries, capacitive storage and the manufacturing technology behind them, at the frontier of density, safety and cost.Research138.4k papers +67%China 40%Patents260.4k families +83%China 61%Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels51GDXAG414The capacity to produce, carry and use hydrogen, ammonia and sustainable fuels, electrolysis, synthesis, storage and end use, as energy carriers at national scale.Research62.2k papers +30%China 18%Patents94.8k families +94%China 58%Next-Generation Solar & RenewablesDYT5KB3F1ZThe capacity to advance next-generation solar and renewable generation technology, new cell architectures, conversion frontiers and the manufacturing processes that set cost and efficiency.Research30.8k papers +8%China 23%Patents71.9k families +29%China 73%Advanced Nuclear & Fusion00BV57J50XThe capacity to design, build and fuel advanced nuclear systems, next-generation and small modular reactors, fusion, and the fuel-cycle and waste technologies that sustain them.Research9.2k papers −10%China 18%Patents16.4k families +36%China 63%Directed Energy Technologies6ETBWPAY0DThe capacity to master directed energy, high-energy lasers, high-power microwaves and the beam control, power and thermal technologies behind them.Research2.4k papers +18%United States 18%Patents2k families +17%China 49%

The capabilities compared

Papers and patent families, 2020–2024, with growth on the five years before and the leading nation in each.

CapabilityPapersGrowthResearch leaderFamiliesGrowthPatent leader
Batteries & Energy Storage138.4k+67%China 40%260.4k+83%China 61%
Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels62.2k+30%China 18%94.8k+94%China 58%
Next-Generation Solar & Renewables30.8k+8%China 23%71.9k+29%China 73%
Advanced Nuclear & Fusion9.2k−10%China 18%16.4k+36%China 63%
Directed Energy Technologies2.4k+18%United States 18%2k+17%China 49%

Research across the group

Papers by year for each capability, and the nations' shares of the group's papers, 2020–2024. A capability that shares a v0.0 topic with another counts it in both.

  1. 1China29.5%71,542 papers
  2. 2United States8.6%20,957 papers
  3. 3India7.3%17,618 papers
  4. 4South Korea4.3%10,418 papers
  5. 5Germany3.6%8,825 papers
  6. 6United Kingdom2.9%7,057 papers
  7. 7Japan2.5%5,987 papers
  8. 8Australia2.0%4,958 papers
  9. 9Italy1.5%3,596 papers
  10. 10Canada1.4%3,490 papers

Patents across the group

Patent families by priority year for each capability, and the origin nations' shares of the group's families, 2020–2024. A family in two capabilities' classes counts in both.

  1. 1China62.3%277,441 families
  2. 2South Korea13.0%57,894 families
  3. 3Japan9.8%43,559 families
  4. 4United States4.4%19,774 families
  5. 5Germany4.0%18,004 families
  6. 6France1.2%5,269 families
  7. 7Taiwan0.6%2,539 families
  8. 8United Kingdom0.6%2,517 families
  9. 9Denmark0.5%2,082 families
  10. 10Italy0.3%1,447 families

Companies

234 companies in Energy Technologies, across 8 regions. The leading 12:

  1. 1Air LiquideOne of the world's largest hydrogen producers and distributors, it runs the 20 MW Bécancour PEM electrolyser, builds the 200 MW Normand'Hy plant and holds a stake in Siemens Energy's electrolyser gigafactory.Operation
  2. 2CATL (Contemporary Amperex Technology)World's largest lithium-ion cell maker with roughly 38% of global EV battery installations, and a leading supplier of LFP and sodium-ion cells for EVs and stationary storage; also the second-largest international patent applicant in this field.Manufacture
  3. 3Lockheed MartinBuilds the US Army's 300 kW-class IFPC-HEL and the Navy's 60 kW HELIOS shipboard laser, using spectral beam combining of fiber lasers.Integration
  4. 4LONGi Green Energy TechnologyWorld's largest monocrystalline wafer and module maker and holder of multiple certified silicon and silicon-perovskite tandem cell efficiency records, including HIBC back-contact cells.Manufacture
  5. 5RosatomIntegrated state nuclear corporation that designs and exports VVER-1200 reactors, builds fast reactors (BN-800, BREST-300) and RITM SMRs, and supplies a large share of world enrichment via TVEL and Tenex.Integration
  6. 6BYDSecond-largest battery maker worldwide; its FinDreams Battery unit makes the LFP Blade cell for its own EVs, outside automakers and energy-storage systems.Manufacture
  7. 7China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)Chinese state nuclear group behind the Hualong One reactor, the ACP100 Linglong One land-based SMR, the HL-3 tokamak programme and China's full fuel cycle from enrichment to reprocessing.Integration
  8. 8LindeA leading industrial-gas producer, it runs one of the largest hydrogen production, liquefaction and pipeline networks and builds the Dow Path2Zero and Alberta blue hydrogen plants.Operation
  9. 9RTXIts Raytheon business fielded the first operational US Army laser (DE M-SHORAD / H4 HELWS) and the Phaser and CHIMERA high-power microwave counter-drone systems, and has exported HELWS to the UAE.Integration
  10. 10Vestas Wind SystemsLargest western wind turbine maker and top international patent applicant in this capability, supplying onshore and V236-15MW offshore turbines.Manufacture
  11. 11Air ProductsThe world's largest merchant hydrogen supplier, it is the offtaker and partner in the 2.2 GW NEOM green hydrogen and ammonia project and operates over 100 hydrogen plants.Operation
  12. 12China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN)Co-developer of the Hualong One (HPR1000) design and China's largest international nuclear patent applicant, with listed arm CGN Power operating the country's biggest reactor fleet.Design
All 234 in the Companies table →