- Capability group
- Energy Technologies
- Domain
- Critical Technology · Hard Power
- Identifier
- factbase.org/cap/51GDXAG414
- Reference
- Hydrogen economy Wikipedia
Papers
62.2k
2020–2024
Paper growth
+30%
2020–24 on 2015–19
Patent families
94.8k
2020–2024
Filed abroad
25%
families in more than one office
In the framework
What the capability covers and what it leaves to others, and the indicators it will be measured by.
Bounds
Covers the fuel technologies; production plants and distribution belong to Strategic Infrastructure, and fuel markets to the economic domains.
Lineage
Carried from v0.0 (formerly Hydrogen and ammonia for power) with the same identifier, absorbing Biofuels (retired): the capability is sustainable fuel technology as a class, with the pathways distinguished at the indicator layer.
Indicators
- research publication share in hydrogen and fuelsResearch
- electrolyser manufacturing capacityPending
- low-carbon fuel production volumePending
Research
Papers classified to the capability, by year and by the nation of their authors' institutions, 2020–2024. Read from the v0.0 research topics Hydrogen and ammonia for power and Biofuels.
Papers by year
The five leading nations, papers by year
Share of papers, 2020–2024
Of papers with a known author nation; 30% have none and are left out.
- 1China18.1%10,176 papers
- 2India8.5%4,815 papers
- 3United States8.1%4,542 papers
- 4Germany3.7%2,097 papers
- 5Brazil3.6%2,054 papers
- 6United Kingdom3.1%1,749 papers
- 7South Korea2.9%1,633 papers
- 8Italy2.3%1,321 papers
- 9Japan2.3%1,289 papers
- 10Australia2.2%1,262 papers
Leading institutions, 2020–2024
By fractional count: each paper divided among its authors' institutions.
- 1Chinese Academy of Sciences209fractional papers
- 2Universidade de São Paulo176fractional papers
- 3North China Electric Power University163fractional papers
- 4Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)138fractional papers
- 5Zhejiang University135fractional papers
- 6Xi'an Jiaotong University132fractional papers
- 7Nanjing Forestry University128fractional papers
- 8RWTH Aachen University115fractional papers
- 9Tsinghua University115fractional papers
- 10University of Ontario Institute of Technology103fractional papers
Patents
Patent families by the nation of origin of their applicants and their earliest priority year, from the CPC and IPC classes the capability is read from. 2025 onwards is incomplete: families are published 18 months after priority.
Families by priority year
The five leading origins, families by year
16,004 applicants filed here in 2015–2024; the five largest held 11% of families (HHI 38 of 10,000: unconcentrated).
Share of families by origin, 2020–2024
- 1China58.4%55,376 families
- 2Japan10.2%9,653 families
- 3South Korea10.1%9,571 families
- 4Germany6.8%6,475 families
- 5United States5.3%5,060 families
- 6France1.9%1,772 families
- 7United Kingdom0.9%899 families
- 8Denmark0.5%511 families
- 9Canada0.5%428 families
- 10Italy0.5%427 families
Applicants filing most internationally, 2015–2024
Families filed in more than one office, by applicant as the offices name them.
- 1BOSCH GMBH ROBERT1,849international families
- 2TOYOTA MOTOR CORP1,475international families
- 3TOYOTA MOTOR CO LTD1,457international families
- 4HYUNDAI MOTOR CO LTD1,336international families
- 5HONDA MOTOR CO LTD958international families
- 6KIA CORP904international families
- 7KIA MOTORS CORP847international families
- 8ROBERT BOSCH CO LTD517international families
- 9AIR LIQUIDE488international families
- 10PANASONIC IP MAN CO LTD455international families
Classification read
- C25B1/04 Hydrogen by electrolysis of water · 79.4k documents
- C25B9/00 Electrolyser cells and stacks · 162.9k documents
- C25B11/00 Electrolyser electrodes · 165.5k documents
- C25B15/00 Operating and servicing electrolysers · 92.8k documents
- C01B3/00 Hydrogen production, purification and reversible storage · 267.5k documents
- Y02E60/32 Hydrogen storage · 68.3k documents
- C01C1/04 Ammonia synthesis · 19.9k documents
- H01M8/00 Fuel cells · 1.6m documents
- H01M2250/00 Fuel cell applications and system features · 64.1k documents
- F02M21/0206 Feeding engines with hydrogen or ammonia · 6.3k documents
- C10G2/00 Synthetic liquid fuels from carbon oxides, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch · 42.7k documents
- C10G3/00 Hydrocarbon fuels from fats, oils and other biomass · 58k documents
Shares inventions with
Capabilities whose classes the same families also fall in, by overlap (Jaccard).
- Batteries & Energy Storage7,707 families · 0.052
- Advanced Chemical & Process Manufacturing1,665 families · 0.038
- Biomanufacturing1,585 families · 0.015
Companies
50 companies in this capability, across 8 regions. The leading 12:
- 1Air LiquideOne of the world's largest hydrogen producers and distributors, it runs the 20 MW Bécancour PEM electrolyser, builds the 200 MW Normand'Hy plant and holds a stake in Siemens Energy's electrolyser gigafactory.Operation
- 2LindeA leading industrial-gas producer, it runs one of the largest hydrogen production, liquefaction and pipeline networks and builds the Dow Path2Zero and Alberta blue hydrogen plants.Operation
- 3Air ProductsThe world's largest merchant hydrogen supplier, it is the offtaker and partner in the 2.2 GW NEOM green hydrogen and ammonia project and operates over 100 hydrogen plants.Operation
- 4Toyota MotorIt makes the Mirai fuel cell vehicle and sells fuel cell modules for trucks, buses and stationary power, and it is one of the top international patent filers in hydrogen fuel cell technology.Design
- 5Robert BoschThe top international patent applicant in this capability, it mass-produces fuel cell power modules for heavy trucks and develops the Hybrion PEM electrolysis stack and solid oxide fuel cells.Manufacture
- 6Hyundai MotorIt makes the NEXO fuel cell car and XCIENT fuel cell trucks under its HTWO hydrogen brand and, with sister company Kia, is a top-three patent filer in hydrogen mobility.Design
- 7Siemens Energy (Siemens Gamesa)It makes Silyzer PEM electrolysers at a Berlin gigawatt-scale factory run with Air Liquide, and it supplies hydrogen-capable gas turbines.Manufacture
- 8thyssenkrupp nuceraA leading supplier of large-scale alkaline water electrolysis, it provides the 2.2 GW electrolyser plant for the NEOM green hydrogen project.Manufacture
- 9TopsoeA world leader in ammonia, methanol and renewable fuel catalysts and process licensing, it is building a solid oxide electrolyser cell (SOEC) factory in Herning.Equipment & materials
- 10Yara InternationalOne of the world's largest ammonia producers and traders, it runs the 24 MW Porsgrunn renewable hydrogen plant for green ammonia.Operation
- 11CF IndustriesThe world's largest ammonia producer, it is developing the Blue Point low-carbon ammonia complex in Louisiana with JERA and Mitsui and runs carbon capture at Donaldsonville.Operation
- 12NesteThe world's largest producer of renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel from waste and residues, with refineries in Porvoo, Rotterdam and Singapore.Manufacture
