- Capability group
- Biotechnology & Health Technologies
- Domain
- Critical Technology · Hard Power
- Identifier
- factbase.org/cap/W75WG1C328
- Reference
- Vaccine Wikipedia
Papers
94.7k
2020–2024
Paper growth
+104%
2020–24 on 2015–19
Patent families
81.3k
2020–2024
Filed abroad
54%
families in more than one office
In the framework
What the capability covers and what it leaves to others, and the indicators it will be measured by.
Bounds
Covers therapeutic and countermeasure technology through development and approval; stockpiles belong to Strategic Infrastructure, defence against deliberate biological threats to National Security's CBRN Defence, delivery to the population to Human Capital, and regulatory capacity to governance, with development speed the capability's defining test.
Lineage
Carried from v0.0 (formerly Vaccines and medical countermeasures) with the same identifier, absorbing Novel antibiotics and antivirals (retired): one therapeutic-development capacity across modalities, with antimicrobial resistance persisting as a named indicator family.
Indicators
- novel therapeutics approvedPending
- vaccine candidates advanced to late-stage trialsPending
- time from pathogen identification to authorised countermeasurePending
Research
Papers classified to the capability, by year and by the nation of their authors' institutions, 2020–2024. Read from the v0.0 research topics Vaccines and medical countermeasures and Novel antibiotics and antivirals.
Papers by year
The five leading nations, papers by year
Share of papers, 2020–2024
Of papers with a known author nation; 26% have none and are left out.
- 1United States21.5%21,082 papers
- 2China7.2%7,031 papers
- 3United Kingdom6.7%6,576 papers
- 4India4.8%4,669 papers
- 5Italy3.0%2,948 papers
- 6Germany3.0%2,910 papers
- 7Canada2.8%2,772 papers
- 8Australia2.7%2,671 papers
- 9France2.3%2,229 papers
- 10Brazil2.1%2,012 papers
Leading institutions, 2020–2024
By fractional count: each paper divided among its authors' institutions.
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill356fractional papers
- 2University of Oxford330fractional papers
- 3Johns Hopkins University312fractional papers
- 4London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine271fractional papers
- 5Harvard University212fractional papers
- 6University of Washington201fractional papers
- 7Imperial College London179fractional papers
- 8Emory University172fractional papers
- 9Peking University143fractional papers
- 10University College London143fractional papers
Patents
Patent families by the nation of origin of their applicants and their earliest priority year, from the CPC and IPC classes the capability is read from. 2025 onwards is incomplete: families are published 18 months after priority.
Families by priority year
The five leading origins, families by year
55,157 applicants filed here in 2015–2024; the five largest held 3% of families (HHI 4 of 10,000: unconcentrated).
Share of families by origin, 2020–2024
- 1China47.2%38,356 families
- 2United States27.9%22,696 families
- 3South Korea5.5%4,496 families
- 4Japan3.8%3,125 families
- 5Germany1.9%1,550 families
- 6United Kingdom1.8%1,435 families
- 7Switzerland1.4%1,170 families
- 8France1.4%1,168 families
- 9Canada1.0%787 families
- 10Taiwan0.7%554 families
Applicants filing most internationally, 2015–2024
Families filed in more than one office, by applicant as the offices name them.
- 1UNIV CALIFORNIA1,233international families
- 2INST NAT SANTE RECH MED992international families
- 3HOFFMANN LA ROCHE769international families
- 4UNIV TEXAS696international families
- 5REGENERON PHARMA685international families
- 6UNIV LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR585international families
- 7CENTRE NAT RECH SCIENT579international families
- 8UNIV PENNSYLVANIA571international families
- 9US HEALTH502international families
- 10GENENTECH INC444international families
Classification read
- A61K39/00 Vaccines and antibody medicines · 2.5m documents
- C07K16/00 Antibodies · 1.5m documents
- A61K48/00 Gene therapy · 287.8k documents
- A61K40/00 Cellular immunotherapy · 442.4k documents
- A61K35/17 Lymphocyte and T-cell therapies · 50.8k documents
- A61K35/28 Stem cell therapies · 44.1k documents
- A61K35/76 Therapeutic viruses and bacteriophages · 36.4k documents
- A61K47/68 Antibody-drug conjugates · 347.1k documents
- A61K31/7088 Nucleic acid medicines, including RNA therapeutics · 196.2k documents
Shares inventions with
Capabilities whose classes the same families also fall in, by overlap (Jaccard).
- Synthetic Biology & Genetic Engineering40,220 families · 0.364
- Biomanufacturing24,652 families · 0.201
- Genomics & Biological Data5,758 families · 0.052
- Nuclear Medicine & Radioisotope Technologies1,911 families · 0.022
Companies
50 companies in this capability, across 8 regions. The leading 12:
- 1PfizerCo-developed and manufactured the Comirnaty mRNA COVID-19 vaccine with BioNTech, produces Paxlovid oral antiviral and the Prevnar and Abrysvo vaccine franchises.Design
- 2ModernamRNA platform company behind Spikevax (COVID-19) and mRESVIA (RSV), with a pipeline of mRNA vaccines for influenza, CMV and individualized cancer vaccines.Design
- 3Merck & Co. (MSD)Major vaccine maker (Gardasil, Capvaxive, Ervebo Ebola vaccine) and developer of antivirals (Lagevrio) and novel antibiotics.Design
- 4GSKOne of the world's largest vaccine businesses (Shingrix, Arexvy, Bexsero, pandemic adjuvant AS03) and developer of novel antibiotics such as gepotidacin.Design
- 5SanofiSanofi Pasteur is a top global vaccine producer (influenza, pediatric, meningitis) and co-developer of the Beyfortus RSV antibody, with mRNA capability from its Translate Bio acquisition.Design
- 6AstraZenecaSupplied the Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaxzevria COVID-19 vaccine at global scale, developed Evusheld and Beyfortus long-acting antibodies, and leads in antibody-drug conjugates and cell therapy.Design
- 7Johnson & JohnsonIts Janssen unit developed the single-dose Ad26 COVID-19 and Zabdeno/Mvabea Ebola vaccines and markets the Carvykti CAR-T cell therapy.Design
- 8RocheBiologics leader (including Genentech) that produces Tamiflu and Xofluza influenza antivirals and is developing first-in-class antibiotics such as zosurabalpin.Design
- 9NovartisPioneer of new modalities: Kymriah CAR-T, Zolgensma gene therapy, Leqvio siRNA and Pluvicto radioligand therapy.Design
- 10BioNTechInvented the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, is developing mRNA cancer immunotherapies, and agreed to acquire CureVac in 2025.Design
- 11Gilead SciencesLeading antiviral developer: remdesivir (Veklury) for COVID-19, HIV regimens and the twice-yearly lenacapavir HIV prevention injection, plus the Yescarta CAR-T therapy via Kite.Design
- 12Regeneron PharmaceuticalsRapid-response monoclonal antibody developer: Inmazeb, the first FDA-approved Ebola treatment, and the REGEN-COV COVID-19 antibody cocktail, built with BARDA support.Design