- Capability group
- Quantum Technologies
- Domain
- Critical Technology · Hard Power
- Identifier
- factbase.org/cap/NVJC13B329
- Reference
- Post-quantum cryptography Wikipedia
Papers
5.8k
2020–2024
Paper growth
+142%
2020–24 on 2015–19
Patent families
505
2020–2024
Filed abroad
60%
families in more than one office
In the framework
What the capability covers and what it leaves to others, and the indicators it will be measured by.
Bounds
Covers the cryptographic capability and the migration capacity; the systems being migrated belong to their own domains, and the migration's progress is this capability's deploy-layer indicator. Retained in this group on the logic that the threat, the timeline and the national programmes that own the response are quantum ones.
Lineage
Carried from v0.0 with the same identifier; recast from algorithm definition to the standardisation-and-migration capacity, which is where states now differ.
Indicators
- standardised algorithms authored or co-authoredPending
- national migration mandates issuedPending
- share of government systems migratedPending
Research
Papers classified to the capability, by year and by the nation of their authors' institutions, 2020–2024. Read from the v0.0 research topic Post-quantum cryptography.
Papers by year
The five leading nations, papers by year
Share of papers, 2020–2024
Of papers with a known author nation; 29% have none and are left out.
- 1China18.6%951 papers
- 2United States11.9%609 papers
- 3India9.3%476 papers
- 4Japan5.1%259 papers
- 5Germany4.7%239 papers
- 6United Kingdom4.1%208 papers
- 7France3.8%196 papers
- 8South Korea3.6%182 papers
- 9Canada2.8%144 papers
- 10Australia2.0%102 papers
Leading institutions, 2020–2024
By fractional count: each paper divided among its authors' institutions.
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cryptology34fractional papers
- 2KU Leuven30fractional papers
- 3Institute of Information Engineering25fractional papers
- 4Sun Yat-sen University24fractional papers
- 5University of Chinese Academy of Sciences23fractional papers
- 6Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications23fractional papers
- 7Xidian University22fractional papers
- 8Chinese Academy of Sciences21fractional papers
- 9Ruhr University Bochum20fractional papers
- 10Nanyang Technological University20fractional papers
Patents
Patent families by the nation of origin of their applicants and their earliest priority year, from the CPC and IPC classes the capability is read from. 2025 onwards is incomplete: families are published 18 months after priority.
Families by priority year
The five leading origins, families by year
288 applicants filed here in 2015–2024; the five largest held 17% of families (HHI 115 of 10,000: unconcentrated).
Share of families by origin, 2020–2024
- 1South Korea25.0%126 families
- 2United States24.4%123 families
- 3China16.2%82 families
- 4France8.7%44 families
- 5Japan5.0%25 families
- 6Netherlands4.6%23 families
- 7Germany4.4%22 families
- 8United Kingdom2.2%11 families
- 9Switzerland1.8%9 families
- 10Taiwan1.2%6 families
Applicants filing most internationally, 2015–2024
Families filed in more than one office, by applicant as the offices name them.
- 1SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO LTD29international families
- 2CRYPTO LAB INC28international families
- 3SEOUL NAT UNIV R&DB FOUNDATION18international families
- 4INFINEON TECHNOLOGIES AG16international families
- 5ZAMA SAS14international families
- 6KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS NV13international families
- 7NXP BV13international families
- 8AXELL CORP12international families
- 9INTEL CORP12international families
- 10NEC CORP10international families
Classification read
- H04L9/3093 Lattice-based public-key cryptography · 3.9k documents
- H04L9/304 Code-based public-key cryptography, e.g. McEliece · 1.8k documents
Shares inventions with
Capabilities whose classes the same families also fall in, by overlap (Jaccard).
- Quantum Communication54 families · 0.024
- Privacy, Identity & Trust Technologies432 families · 0.006
- Quantum Computing16 families · 0.003
- Protective Cybersecurity Technologies159 families · 0.002
Companies
50 companies in this capability, across 7 regions. The leading 12:
- 1IBMIBM Research Zurich researchers co-authored three of the four NIST PQC standards (ML-KEM/CRYSTALS-Kyber, ML-DSA/CRYSTALS-Dilithium, FN-DSA/Falcon), and IBM sells Quantum Safe migration tools and services.Research
- 2Alphabet (Google DeepMind)Google co-designed SPHINCS+ (SLH-DSA), turned on hybrid ML-KEM key exchange by default in Chrome, and is rolling PQC out across Google Cloud KMS and its internal traffic.Software & services
- 3PQShieldOxford spin-out whose researchers contributed to the NIST PQC standards (Falcon and others); it licenses PQC hardware IP and software libraries to chipmakers and OEMs.Design
- 4ThalesThales sells Luna HSMs with FIPS 140-3 validated PQC support, PQC-ready smart cards and 5G SIMs, and quantum-safe network encryptors for governments.Manufacture
- 5Infineon TechnologiesInfineon is a top PQC patent applicant, made the first Common Criteria-certified security controller with ML-KEM, and ships PQC-protected TPM and secure-element firmware.Manufacture
- 6NXP SemiconductorsNXP researchers co-authored CRYSTALS-Kyber and Dilithium, and NXP is adding PQC to its secure elements, microcontrollers and automotive processors.Design
- 7SandboxAQAlphabet spin-out whose AQtive Guard cryptographic inventory and PQC migration platform is used by US federal agencies (via DISA) and large banks.Software & services
- 8MicrosoftMicrosoft Research co-designed FrodoKEM and other PQC candidates, added ML-KEM and ML-DSA to SymCrypt and Windows, and runs a company-wide Quantum Safe Program.Research
- 9CloudflareCloudflare runs hybrid post-quantum key agreement by default across its global network and carries a large share of the world's PQ-protected TLS traffic.Operation
- 10Amazon (AWS)AWS ships ML-KEM hybrid TLS in its s2n-tls and AWS-LC libraries and KMS, ACM and Secrets Manager endpoints, and offers ML-DSA signing in AWS KMS.Operation
- 11Samsung ElectronicsSamsung is the leading international PQC patent applicant, launched the S3SSE2A secure element with hardware PQC, and added PQC to Galaxy devices and Samsung SDS services.Manufacture
- 12AppleApple runs the PQ3 post-quantum protocol in iMessage for hundreds of millions of devices and adds ML-KEM hybrid TLS across its operating systems.Integration